BPH-304: PHARMACEUTICS –VIII
(PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING-II)
THEORY
Max. Marks: 80 Total Hours: 50 (2hrs/week)Note: Examiner to set eight questions and the candidates are required to attempt any five.
1.Distillation: Raoult's law, volatility, boiling point diagrams, azeotropic mixtures, equilibrium diagrams, types of distillation, rectification, rectifying columns, material and energy balance of a rectifying column, reflux ratio, determination of number of theory plates, H.E.T.P. and steam distillation.(7)
2.Extraction: Factors affecting, equipment for extraction of solids i.e. fixed bed diffusion battery, continuous diffusion battery, basket extractor, Rotocel extractor and Dorr agitator. Equipment for liquid-liquid extraction i.e. extraction towers and Podbielniak extractor.(6)
3.Mixing: Theory, uniformity index, factors influencing selection of suitable mixer equipment for solid-solid, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid mixing. Emulsification(6)
4.Size reduction: Mechanism, Laws and factors influencing, energy requirements,applications in pharmacy, different mills i.e. fluid energy mill, hammer mill, ball mill and its variants, centrifugal mill, attrition mill, edge runner mill,squirrel cage disintegrator, Buhrstone mill.(9)
5.Size separation: Screening, Screening effectiveness, Screening equipment i.e. stationary and vibrating types. Air suspension methods i.e. air separator and cyclone separators, Sedimentation and hydraulic separation i.e. elutriation and doublecone emulsifier.(4)
6.Crystallization: Crystal forms and habits, Hole theory, Mier's supersaturation theory, Nucleation, Crystal growth theories, Crystallizers based on supersaturation, by cooling (i.e. tank crystallizers, agitated batch crystallizers and Swenson-Walker), adiabatic cooling (i.e. vacuum crystallizers) and evaporation (i.e. Krystal crystallizers). Mateial and energy balance of crystallizer.(6)
7.Corrosion and its prevention: Types of corrosion causes of corrosion and method for combating corrosion.(3)
8.Materials for pharmaceutical plant construction: factors affecting the selection of a material for pharmaceutical plant, ferrous metals (i.e. cast iron, steel and stainless steels), non-ferrous metals (i.e. Copper and its alloys, aluminium, tin sliver, nickel and alloys), non-metals i.e. glass, slate, asbestos, rubber, plastics and timber.(3)
9.Industrial hazards and safety precautions: Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, Fire and Dust hazards, safety requirements, accident records etc.(3)
10.Transportation of materials:
Gases: Ejectors, compressors, fans and blowers.
Solids: Intermittent and continuous methods in vertical, horizontal and inclined plane. (3)
Click here for PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING-II Practical Syllabus